The chicory family includes the food plants endive and radicchio, which range widely in shape, and in flavour from bitter to sweet. All varieties become sweeter, and lose much of their bitterness, when cooked. Try a hot oil salad dressing over endive, or a barbecued head of radicchio. Continue reading below for tips on how to grow endive and radicchio from seed.

Latin
Cichorium endiva (endive) & C. intybus (radicchio)
Family: Asteraceae

Difficulty
Endive is easy.
Radicchio is moderately difficult.
Belgian endive (witloof) is downright challenging – but worth the effort.

Season & Zone
Season: Cool season
Exposure: Full-sun

Timing
Sow after the last frost date and again inΒ mid-summer to take advantage of the fall growing season. Optimal soil temperature: 10-22Β°C (50-72Β°F). Seeds sprout in 2-15 days, depending on conditions. In hot weather plants may go to seed quickly, so have new plantings ready to go.

Starting
Either direct seed or start indoors and transplant. Sow seeds 5mm (¼”) deep, and thin or transplant to allow 30-45cm (12-18β€³) between plants in rows 30-45cm (12-18β€³) apart.

Days to Maturity
From direct sowing.

Growing
Ideal pH: 6.0-6.5. Enrich soil with compost and add ΒΌ cupΒ balanced organic fertilizer into the soil beneath each transplant. Rapid, continuous growth is essential for good yields and high quality. Regular watering is essential. Fall plantings can be protected from rain by putting a cloche over them. Endive heads can be blanched to reduce bitterness by placing a cardboard or plastic disc on top. Radicchio requires a good supply of phosphorus and potassium, but will not head and may bolt if there is too much nitrogen available. Days to maturity shown are from date of direct sowing. If transplanting, subtract 10-15 days.

Harvest
Use as a cut and come again crop or let the heads develop and cut at ground level. Many will grow back.

Seed Info
In optimal conditions at least 65% of seeds will germinate. Usual seed life: 3 years. Per 100β€² row: 140 seeds, per acre: 40.6M seeds.

Diseases & Pests
Aphids – Water can be used to remove aphids from plants. Wash the plant off with water occasionally as needed early in the day.

Moulds and rot from heavy rains can be prevented by growing under cover. Tip burn is a calcium deficiency within the plant that can be caused by an imbalance with over nutrients. Make sureΒ to add lime to theΒ soil, do not over-fertilize, and harvest just before full maturity.